Galley |
A
long metal frame (galley) that holds several pages of text. It is easier
to correct type in this form, before the text is transferred to page by
page forms. See Galley proof. |
Galley Proofs |
Also “galleys,”
are proofs made from the text in galleys. These are early proofs; proofs
created near the finished version for final editing and checking are called
“page proofs.” |
Gamma |
More correctly
Gamma compression or gamma encoding, is used to encode luminance values
into video signals or digital file values and decode back into luminance
values. As a practical matter, it refers to adjustments that can be made
to correct the monitor to more accurately display images. In photography
paper and film each have a nonlinear gamma that represent compression
of the highlights and shadows; some films and papers have a straighter
line, more linear, section between the highlights and shadows than others.
|
Gatefold |
A foldout in a book or periodical. |
Gather |
To assemble
signatures in the correct order prior to sewing. |
Ghost |
Background which has been lightened. |
Ghosting |
The appearance
of an unwanted and unintended image on a page often from the other side
of the leaf. |
Gilding |
The application of gold leaf
to the edges of a book for decoration. |
Glossy |
Short for
glossy print: a photograph with a hard, shiny finish, preferred for reproduction
work. Also for coated paper, such as magazines. |
Glyph |
In typography, it is a graphical
representation or unit: a character, numeral, punctuation mark, dingbat.
For example, swash characters might include “ae” (two separate
characters) as one graphic units: “æ” (one graphic unit).
|
Gothic |
|
Gradient |
In graphics, a gradual, bandless,
blend of colors; an even gradation from low to high values, such as from
white to black. |
Grain |
Predominate
direction of the fibers in a sheet of paper. |
Gravure |
A printing process in which
the impression comes from intaglio plates, where the image to be printed
lies beneath the surface, whereas in letterpress, the image lies about
the surface. |
Grayscale |
In digital
images, each pixel carries its intensity information only---no color information.
Commonly there are 256 shades in a grayscale image running from pure white
to pure black. |
Greek |
Also lorem ipsum. Dummy text
used for page or text element design because it gives a normal looking
word and sentence length distribution. Studies show that when actual copy
is set, people are distracted from the overall graphic look or feel. Here
are 25 words: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
Proin facilisis nibh id magna. Etiam libero ligula, consequat et, dapibus
id, dignissim quis, lacus. Duis cursus. See: http://www.lipsum.com |
Gutter |
Blank space
in the center where tw3o facing pages meet. See gutter margin |
Gutter Margin |
The inner margin of a
single page. |
Hairline |
|
Half Binding |
A half
bound book has leather or, today, some different material, covering the
spine and some portion of the front and back covers in from the spine.
See full and three-quater
binding. |
Half Title |
The first page of a book
after the end papers. It has the book title only. |
Halftone |
“Continuous”
tone reproduction made by means of dots of varying sizes. |
Halos |
A small light to white circles that appear in a digital
image that has been oversharpened. |
Handset |
Type that is set by hand, letter
by letter, space by space, using a composing stick |
Hanging Paragraph |
See paragraph. |
Heading |
Generally :
type set apart from a section of text, serving as a title or description.
Often display matter. |
Centered head: |
a headlined centered between the margins of the page,
text block, or column. |
Chapter head: |
the heading for the chapter opening page. See
Chapter PDF. |
Cut-in Head: |
a head placed in a box of white space cut
into the side of the type page, usually set in a different type
from the text. If it has a rule around it, it is a boxheading. |
Running head: |
is a headline placed at the top of the text
pages showing the book, author, chapter, or subsection. See
Running Heads PDF. |
Side head: |
a headline placed at the side of a page or
column. |
Subhead: |
a heading that precedes a subdivision of a
chapter. |
|
Hickey |
A small blemish on a printed piece due usually to
a contaminating particle on a printing plate. |
Highlight |
The whitest part in a picture,
typically lacking detail. |
Hinting |
Similar to anti-aliasing. It
is a mathematical instruction contained in outline font (vector), such
as TrueType formats, that adjusts the type for better clarity and legibility.
|
Hi-res |
Short for high resolution, hi res refers to the
amount of detail an image holds. Not only are there no common standards
for what constitutes hi res, but the same image can appear softer (low)
or sharper (hi) irrespective of its dpi, depending on the monitor, printer,
paper, ink or the sobriety of the viewer. Dpi is not the sole criterion
for "good" or "bad" image resolution: Monitor images
are typically 72 dpi. Although a 72 dpi 4X5 inch image may look sharp
on a monitor, it holds far less information than a 300dpi 4X5 image,
and it won't print well. However, a 300dpi 4X5 image could be converted
to 72dpi, without resampling, and none of the detail or information
will have been lost.
|
DPI |
Image size |
File Size |
Original |
300dpi |
4" X 5" |
5.2MB |
Resized-no resampling to 72dpi |
72dpi |
20.8" X 16.7" |
5.2MB |
Resized-resampled |
72dpi |
4" X 5" |
360KB |
|
|
|
|
|
The resized-resampled image won't print well, but
will look okay on a monitor. |
|
The resized-no resampling image won't print well at
20.8" X 16.7", but if printed at 4" X 5" it
will be identical to the original image. |
|
Horizontal Scale |
In computer typesetting,
adjusting the horizontal proportion of type—to compress or expand.
See Type PDF. |
Hot Press |
A method
of foil stamping by heating the type or die. |
Hyphenation |
Also word division. Breaking
words at the end of a sentence to make the word and letter spacing of
a line of type more uniform. |
Imagesetter |
A
high resolution, large format, computer output devise. Commonly: it converts
digital image files to film from which lithographic plates are made for
offset printing. An imagesetter can also produce large negative or positives
for photographic printing or viewing. |
Imposition |
The layout
of pages on a large sheet, so that after printing and folding the pages
will appear in the correct order in the correct orientation. Generally
books sheets are multiples of 8 pages. See form.
|
Impression |
1) All
the copies of a book printed at one time. 2) The amount of pressure on
a sheet on a printing press. |
Imprint |
The name
of a publisher, often with the place and date of publication, on the title
page; sometimes including a colophon. |
Indent |
Starting or
ending type inside the left or right margins. |
Inferior Figure |
A
small numeral that prints partly below the baseline; see subscript. |
Initial |
The first
letter of a page, chapter, or book set in a display type for decoration
or emphasis. |
Ink |
The color bearing
material used to print an impression on a page. Offset ink is very thick;
whereas inkjet ink is very thin. |
Inkjet Printing |
Both
low and high price printers that use tiny, variable sized, droplets of
ink that are “sprayed” onto paper. Print-on-demand printers
use sophisticated inkjet printers. The ink is notoriously expensive. |
Ink Rotation |
The sequence
of ink colors in four color printing. |
Insert |
An extra
printed leaf, sometimes folded, inserted or tipped into a book or magazine.
|
Intaglio |
|
Introduction |
Unlike
the preface or foreword, the introduction is considered part of the text. |
ISBN |
International
Standard Book Number, a 10 digit, unique numerical book identifier. |
Italic |
|
Jacket |
A protective
wrapper, usually paper, that protects a clothbound book cover. It usually
caries the blurb. Also dust wrapper, abbreviated d.w. |
Jpeg (.jpg) |
Joint Photographic
Experts Group—a commonly used lossy compression method for digital
photographs. |
Justify |
To space
out lines of type to fill a specified measure. |
Justify all lines |
In
computer typesetting, this forces the last line (or a selected line) to
be justified. |
Justify with center |
In
a justified block of text, if the last line is less than the full measure,
it will be centered. |
Justify with left |
In
a justified block of text, if the last line is less than the full measure,
it will be flush left. |
Justify with right |
In
a justified block of text, if the last line is less than the full measure,
it will be flush right. |
Kern |
The part of
the character extending beyond the body (sort) of type is called a kern. |
Kerning |
In typesetting,
kerning moves certain pairs of characters closer together, overlapping
blank spaces: for example VA, but not EF. See tracking.
|
Kill |
To purposely
omit text or illustrations. Also, an order to break up the pages melt
down the type. |
LAB |
(CIELAB, or L*a*b*)
A color scheme that most accurately models the human eye. (RGB and CMYK
are models based on output devices.) There are three channels; however
unlike RGB or CMYK, one channel carries intensity information (similar
to a black and white conversion of an image), and the other two channels
carry the color information: channel a—negative values are green,
positive values are magenta; channel b—negative values are blue,
positive values are yellow. |
Laser jet |
Unlike
an inkjet printer, the laser jet uses static electricity to temporarily
hold toner particles, which are fused to the paper. Inexpensive and fast,
but lacking the print quality of even the least expensive inkjet printers.
|
Latin Alphabet |
Generally,
Latin distinguishes our alphabet from other forms like Greek, Cyrillic,
etc. |
Layers |
In digital
editing software, these are analogous to acetates in animated cartoon
making. Each layer (acetate) can be part of the whole, complete, blended,
etc. |
Layout |
The conception
of a finished job, complete with spacing, type specifications, etc. |
Leaders |
A row of
evenly spaced dots designed to carry the reader’s eye across rows
of a table, such as a table of contents. |
Leading |
Extra spacing
between lines of type. (Pronounced led). For example, 12/12 type (twelve
on twelve) is solid, 12/14 type has 2 points of leading. |
Leaf |
A hinged piece
of paper consisting of two pages. |
Legend |
1) Descriptive
matter accompanying an illustration; whereas a caption, it the title of
the illustration or legend. 2) The key to symbols or marks on a map or
chart. |
Letter Spacing |
|
Letterpress |
Method
of printing using a raised surface as the image carrier. |
Ligature |
Two or
three characters combined on a single type body: e.g. Œ or æ. |
Line Copy |
Copy or
images, for reproduction which contains only black and white, such as
pen-and-ink drawings, type, etc. |
Line gauge |
Measuring
rule used for copy fitting. |
Lining Figures |
|
Logotype |
Also logo.
One or more words or combinations of letters, graphic elements, often
printed with control colors, that are used to identify a company; a trademark
or registered mark. |
Lorem Ipsum |
See Greek. |
Lossless |
A compression
program for digital images or sound files that allows the exact original
data to be reconstructed (opened) from the compressed file. Zip, Png,
or psd are lossless. See lossy. |
Lossy |
A compression
program for digital images or sound files that allows an approximation
of the original file when it is reconstructed (opened). Jpeg is lossy
compression. See lossless. |
Lowercase |
The uncapitalized letters of
an alphabet, e.g. a, b, c, d, etc. |
Machine Finish |
See Paper. |
Majuscule |
Large or capital letters. |
Makeready |
In letterpress
work, putting the typeform, zincs, etc. on the press, including leveling
the types to get it ready for printing. More generally, getting a printing
press ready to print a run. |
Makeup |
Arranging
type lines and illustrations into page form. |
Margin |
The white
space around the printed page: the head, outside, foot, and back (inside)
margins. The back margins of the two facing pages are the gutter. |
Mask |
In graphics
a mask prevents light or ink from passing through areas of an image. Masking
is an integral part of digital image editing and creation. |
Master Pages |
In pages
setting software, a page layout, which may include images and text, that
can be applied globally to an entire document. |
Masthead |
A
distinctive design, logotype, or style of type used to identify a company.
|
Mechanical |
Paste-up
of all the design elements—type, images—as a guide to the
printer or as camera-ready copy. |
Metamerism |
As used,
more correctly “illuminant metameric failure,” is where certain
colors match under one light source but appear differently under another
light source. |
Midtone |
The tones of the image between
the shadow ("black")and highlight ("white")areas where
most of the image information is. |
Minuscule |
Small letters, or lowercase |
Moiré Pattern |
An
interference pattern: 1) caused by halftone screens that are out of alignment;
2) that appears when trying to remove a dot pattern in scanned halftone
art or when reprinting halftone art copied from an originally screened
and printed piece; 3) produced by certain patterns in art (striped shirts,
wood cuts, etc.) when scanned. In digital art the effect can be exacerbated
by choice of paper, ink, and image dpi. |
Monospaced type |
Fixed width, non-proportional,
type, e.g. Courier type. |
Negative |
In graphics,
an image whose tonal values are inverted from the original—light
areas appear dark, dark areas appear light. In a color negative not only
are the tonal values inverted, but the colors are reversed—where
red appears cyan, green appears magenta, and blue appears yellow. |
Noise |
In film, it’s
film grain. In digital images some noise comes from camera sensors; some
comes from low quality compression. |
Nonlining numerals |
See Numerals.
|
Numerals |
Arabic numerals are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8, 9, 0. When printed like that, where they are each Cap High, they
are called lining numerals, or figures. |
When they are printedwhere
they print more like lowercase letters extending above and below the
x-height, they are called non-lining or old style numerals or figures.
|
Roman numerals start I, II, III IV, V, VI VII, VIII, IX, X. In general,
they are used in lower case for numbering, i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi,
vii, viii, ix, x, the front matter of a book. |
|
Oblique |
Letters that slant to the right.
|
Octavo |
A book made from standard size
sheets, folded three times, forming 8 leaves, and 16 pages. Sometimes
for books measuring about 6 X 9 inches. See folio and quarto. |
Off-Center |
Text or display elements that are not centered
on the page or relative to a margin. |
Offset |
A printing
problem where wet ink is transferred from the top of one sheet to the
back of another sheet. |
Offset Printing |
A
printing process based on the repulsion of oil and water, where the inked
image is transferred—offset—from the plate to a rubber blanket
to the printing surface. |
Old style |
A term
used to describe type styles developed in the early seventeenth century.
|
Old style figures |
These
figures vary in size and placement relative to the baseline, similar to
lowercase: (see
lining figures) |
Opacity |
The quality
of paper that prevents the type or image from showing through from one
side of page to the other. |
Operators |
Signs such as +, -, =, ±, used in mathematic
or other scientific texts. |
Optical Centering |
The
vertical adjustment of an element so that it appears centered: it may
be different from measured centering, depending on the shape, color, weight
of the element. |
Orphan |
See Widow. |
Outside (of page) |
The outside margin of a
page, as opposed to the back (inside) margin or gutter. |
Overlay |
A transparent paper
or acetate flap that protects art work or gives printing or layout instructions. |